Well, there is your starting point - 300A.
What you need to do is measure what you actually draw and then look up the exact fuse that you are using.
As an example:
https://www.grainger.com/ec/pdf/1DC69_1.pdffor this particular fuse type, if you look at the chart for the 300A fuse, you will see that if you pull 1000A though this fuse, it will still take about 2 seconds to melt the fuse.
Most 12v batteries will not provide 1000A even when shorted. The reason is that internal to the battery cells there are jumpers that go from cell to cell. if those melt (due to high current draw) or break (due to vibration or crash impact) that is effectively an internal "fuse"
Now look at the same curve if the "short" were only pulling 400A. You'll see that it will take about 100 seconds (1 1/2 minutes +) to blow. Due to the shape of the curve at that region the 100 seconds could easily go to 200 or 300 seconds since the slope of the curve near a vertical in that area.
The question is during the time that the excess current is being pulled by a potential short, will the insulation melt first? That is a bit tougher to answer and you will need to know more about the insulation specs of the cable you've chosen and the gauge of the cable.
To be effective you would need to drop your fuse down to maybe something like a 100A fuse. From that curve you'll see a current draw of 500A would take about 0.5 seconds to blow the fuse.
Now the question is if you are cold cranking the engine what is your actual current draw? If you exceed the 500A (which is possible for battery to deliver) for more than 0.5 seconds, you'll blow the fuse.
Sorry this isn't easy but it demonstrates why fusing the battery cable in not done in practice.